Matrix of DTSC-Regulated Sites2 in California Using Common Vapor Treatment Technologies and Possible Alternatives
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Traditional Treatment Technologies			Potential Alternative Treatment Technologies
Catalytic Oxidation	Thermal/Catalytic Oxidation		Adsorption		Chemical Conversion/Destruction
Thermal Oxidation	Granular Actviated Carbon		Biological Treatment		Other
Footnotes			Permeable Membrane		Footnotes
Technology/Site Location	Description	DREs	By Products Measured?	Dioxins Measured?	Comments
Traditional Thermal, Catalytic or Granular Activitated Carbon Treatment Technologies
Catalytic Oxidation
SVE2	SVE with catalytic oxidizer at Fire Training Area (FTA-1)2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TCE and fuels at FTA-12 and Fuels at Bldg 13252
Castle AFB	SVE with catalytic oxidizer at Bldg 13252
SVE2	Catalytic oxidation with heat exchanger at Site 10C/68, 2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TPH, carbon tetrachloride2
Mather AFB	Catalytic oxidation with heat exchanger at Site 18/592	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TCE, 1,2-DCE, TPH2; Planned January 2000 start-up2
	Catalytic oxidation with heat exchanger at Site 232	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - PCE, TCE, 1,2-DCE, xylenes2; Planned February 2000 start-up2
	Catalytic oxidation with heat exchanger at Site 572	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TCE2
SVE2	Fixed bed, catalytic oxidizer moved from IC-1 to OU-D in 7/962	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TCE, PCE, DCE, TCA, petroleum hydrocarbons2
McClellan AFB2	OU-D Site S, OU-C Site 19
	Fluidized bed, catalytic oxidizer2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TCE, DCE, fuels2
	OU-C1
	Catalytic oxidizer moved from IC-7.2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TCE, PCE, DCE, fuels2
	OU-A, IC-31
	Dual Phase Extraction. Plumbed into IC-31 catalytic oxidizer system2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TCE, PCE, DCE2
	OU-A, IC-29
SVE2	Catalytic oxidation2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
Lockheed Beaumont2					Chemical of Concern - TCE, DCE, DCA2
SVE2	Catalytic oxidation2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
Riverside County
SVE2		Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
Stauffer Chemical Co.2					Chemical of Concern - TCE, DCA2
SVE2	Catalytic oxidation2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
Carson (Los Angeles)
	Catalytic oxidation2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	System not installed yet2
Landfill2					Chemical of Concern - methane, benzene, chlorobenzene, 1,4-DCB, 1,1-DCE, 1,1-DCA, 1,2-DCA, ethylbenzene, toluene, PCE, methylene chloride, 1,1,1-TCA, TCE, vinyl chloride, xylene2
Gardena Valley 1&2
SVE2	Catalytic oxidation2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - Benzene2
Monsanto Chemical Co.2
Carson (Los Angeles)
SVE2	Catalytic oxidation2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - BTEX, PCE, TCE2
SP Taylor Yard2					System not installed yet22
Los Angeles
SVE2	2 King Buck Catalytic oxidizers2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - PCE, TCE, acetone, methylene chloride, MEK, TCA, DCA, benzene, vinyl chloride2
Former McKesson Facility2
Santa Fe Springs
SVE2	Catalytic oxidation				Chemical of Concern - TCE, DCE, DCA, vinyl chloride2
Union Pacific2
Sacramento Rail Yard
SVE2	Catalytic oxidizers2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TCE2
Boeing/Aerojet2
Rancho Cordova
SVE2	Catalytic oxidation (King Buck)2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - acetone, tetrachloroethane, cis-1,2-DCA, others2
Van Waters & Rogers2
Los Angeles
SVE2	Catalytic oxidation2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - PCE, TCE2
Whittaker Bermite2
Santa Clarita
Thermal Oxidation
Dual Phase Extraction System2	Thermal oxidation unit2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TCE2
Travis AFB	IRP Site SS016, Oil Spill Area
SVE2	Thermal oxidation with heat exchanger2;  Site 7	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TPH2
Mather AFB	Thermal oxidation with heat exchanger2;  Site 11	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TPH2
	Thermal oxidation without heat exchanger2; Site 37/39/54	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TPH2
Air Stripping Tower on Groundwater Treatment Plant	Flameless Thermal Oxidation2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TCE, PCE, DCE2
McClellan AFB2
SVE2	Flameless thermal oxidation2; Edge-QR VOC Abatement System	>98% overall27	Tested for ROC, CO, NOx, SO2, and PM.27	Total dioxins/ furans:	Chemical of Concern - 1,1- DCE2
McClellan AFB2	Soil vapor is combined with natural gas, sent on through a flame arrestor, and into the burner distribution plenum within the Edge-QR Thermal oxidizer. Combustion products are controlled to 1500°F. Effluent from the oxidizer is cooled in a quench chamber to 160°F and then sent to a caustic scrubber.27			0.0737-0.720 ng/dscm
	OU-A, IC-23
	Flameless thermal oxidation2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TCE2
	OU-G, T-44
	Flameless thermal oxidation2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TCE, PCE, DCE2
	OU-A, IC-43				Planned mid-2000 start-up2
SVE2	Thermal oxidation2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - PCE, TCE, acetone, methylene chloride, MEK, TCA, DCA2
Angeles Chemical Co.2					Pilot studies in 1999 only2
Santa Fe Springs
SVE2	3 Airex Thermal oxidizers2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - BTEX, PCE, TCE, DCA, vinyl chloride2
Golden Eagle Refinery2
Carson (Los Angeles)
SVE2	Thermal oxidation2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - benzene,xylenes, toluene, styrene2
Kaiser Steel2
SVE2	Thermtech thermal oxidizer2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - pesticides, PCBs, PAHS2
U.C. Riverside2					Planned for March 20002
Agricultural Experiment Station
SVE2	Thermal oxidation2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - trimethylbenzene, xylene, ethyltoluene, 1,2-dichloropropane2
FMC2
Fresno
SVE2	Hazardous Waste Incinerator used with SVE cleanup2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - PCE, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes2
Ashland Chemical2
Commerce
Granular Activated Carbon
SVE2	Granular Activated Carbon	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Thermal treatment is typical for regeneration of carbon
McClellan AFB2	OU-B, IC-7				Chemical of Concern - TCE, PCE, DCE2
	Granular activated carbon	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TCE, PCE, DCE2
	OU-A, IC-35
	formerly fixed bed, catalytic oxidizer now GAC.2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TCE, PCE, freon2
	OU-B, IC-1
Combined Thermal and Catalytic Oxidation
SVE/Air Sparging System2	500 scfm thermal catalytic oxidizer at OU-1, Site 11 - Bldg. 17242	Not Available	Not Available		Chemical of Concern - Jet Fuel (JP-4) at Site 112
Edwards AFB	500 scfm thermal catalytic oxidizer at OU-1, Site 17 - Bldg. 1425 & 16002				Petroleum products at Site 172
Dual Phase Extraction System2	2000 scfm thermal/catalytic oxidizer at OU-1, Site 16 - Bldg. 18202	Not Available	Not Available	Dioxin at Site 16:	Chemical of Concern - Jet Fuel (JP-4) and TCE2
Edwards AFB	1500 scfm thermal/catalytic oxidizer at OU-1, Sites 5 & 152			6.6-9.6 pg/dscm18
SVE2	Thermal and catalytic oxidation with heat exchange2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TPH2
Mather AFB	Site 29
	Thermal and catalytic oxidation with heat exchange2	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Chemical of Concern - TPH2
	Site 35/36
Potential Alternative Technologies for Vapor Treatment
Adsorption
Resin removal	VOCs removed using polymeric adsorbents. VOCs are desorbed from the resin using three dimensional microwaves.1	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
Ameripure1 - (now American Purification, Inc.)
Elastomeric Polymer Filter12 - (PetroLOKÔ PL22)	Blend of PetroLOKÔ PL22 and activated carbon12,17	0% without carbon17	did not work17	Not Available	only carbon portion could remove contamination17
Radian Corporation	VOCs are adsorbed onto the activated carbon from the vapor phase. For water applications, the PetroLOKÔ PL22 absorbs the VOCs from the water and chemically binds them to the PetroLOKÔ PL22.12
Fluidized Bed Recovery7	Resin/Chiller17 - VOCs are removed from the vapor stream in the adsorption chamber and adsorbed onto the FB material. The FB material is transferred to a continuous flow non-contact heating chamber and desorbed form the FB material. The VOC-laden gas is routed to a two-staged chiller where the VOCs are condensed into two liquid waste streams while the FB material is returned to the adsorption chamber.7	91% recovered for TCE17,26	Not tested26	Not tested26	According to the SERDP/NETTS summary, AmbersorbÔ 600 used as the FB material, cohered which caused clogging within the transfer system and prevented the bed from maintaining a fluidized condition. The cohesion was due to a buildup of long-chained hydrocarbons on the AmbersorbÔ 600 which could not be effectively desorbed by the unit.7
Harding Lawson Associates		3-43% Freon 11326
		24-67% TVH26
		85% TCV26
Microwave Regenerable Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Treatment6	GAC regenerated using microwaves and a palladium catalyst	82% overall25	At scrubber25:		Low DREs may be associated with the GAC regeneration rate in the micorwave regeneration reactor.25
CHA Corporation	GAC is used to remove VOCs and other pollutants from an SVE off-gas stream. VOCs are removed from the saturated GAC using microwaves. The VOCs that are removed are carried to a destruction chamber by a nitrogen purge gas. In the destruction chamber, VOCs are treated using microwaves which induce oxidation reactions on the surface of a palladium catalyst.6		Nox - 0.0618lb/ day	Conc. below reporting limits for dioxins & furans25
			CO - 0.0384 lb/day
			HF - 0.085 grams/hr
			HCl - 0.129 grams/hr
			Cl2 - 1.588 grams/day
On-site resin "PADRE"17 - Purus Adsorption Desorption Remediation Equipment (PADRE)15	The PADRE system consists of two sets of identical resin beds, the active bed and the inactive beds. The resin in the active beds adsorbs VOCs from the off-gas. When the resin is saturated or "full" of VOCs, then the vapor is diverted to the inactive beds. The "full" bed is purged with a hot gas, such as nitrogen, to release the VOCs from the resin. The purge gas containing the VOCs leaves the bed and is cooled in a condenser. The VOCs are removed from the purge gas in the condensed liquid formed.15	overall 95%17	Not Available	Not Available	Corrosion problems observed for components that were in contact with the liquid condensate15,17
Thermatrix, Inc. (formerly PURUS, Inc.)		70->99.6 contam.17			50% water/50%organic17
101 Metro Drive, Suite 248
San Jose, CA 95110
Biological Treatment
Biofilters	Biological decomposition in aqueous phase	1st stage 43-73%17	Not tested30	Not tested30	with bio upsets, no removal occurred17
Envirogen, Inc.	2 stage system: a fixed-film biofilter with continuously stirred reaction tank (CSTR) using cometabolic processes for treating chlorinated VOCs11	2nd stage max 15%17 overall 51-74%17
	Biological Destruction11
Phytoremediation23	Uptake by plants	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Technology in demonstration phase
Phytokinetics, Inc.	Treatment of contaminated soils , sediments, and groundwater with plants. Uses several biological mechanisms: (1) the plant’s ability to enhance bacterial and fungal degradation, (2) the nutrients, metabolites, and enzymes excreted by the roots to stimulate microbial activity, and high population of active microbes in the soil near the plant’s roots. 23
Phytovolatilization	Developed four plant species that are capable of removing mercury from the soil and release it as a vapor into the air. Process is called phytovolatilization. Phytovolatilization has been documented to occur when some plants are exposed to certain volatile organic compounds.22	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Technology in demonstration phase
Phytoworks1
1400 Mill Creek Rosa
Gladwyne, PA 19035
Chemical Conversion/Destruction
Advanced Photolytic Destruction3	Fluidized Bed (FB) concentration/UV	in progress17	Not Available	Not Available	Cost effective only for high VOC concentrations16
Process Technologies, Inc.
Photocatalysis - Air 20001	Ultra Violet (UV) oxidation with catalyst	NA	NA	NA	Product information not listed on Trojan Technologies’ website as of 5-3-01.
Trojan Technologies Inc.	"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) treated by passing contaminated air through a proprietary catalyst bed that is illuminated with ultraviolet light.
3020 Gore Road	Process operates at ambient temperature." 1
Electrochemical reaction	Electrochemical reaction with cerium oxide in nitric acid	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Designed to treat liquids.  Not applicable to gas flows at this time, would require design change.
CerOx	temperature 90-99oC				High-energy requirements.
Thermochemical Reaction	High temperature cracking and oxidation	99.9999% PCBs19	THC (avg)19: 1.53-15.5 ppmv	Dioxin: 0.156-0.368 ng/dscm19	Information listed for DRE, DE, by products, and dioxins is based on field test data performed using-PCB-contaminated wastewater, waste-oil, and soil.
Eli Eco Logic1 143 Dennis Street	Process uses a gas-phase reduction reaction of hydrogen with organic and chlorinated organic compounds at elevated temperatures to produce a hydrocarbon rich gas product. The gas phase reduction takes place within a specially designed reactor at 850°F.1	DE: 99.99% PCE19	CO (avg)19: 2.3-23.3 ppmv	Furans: 0.007-0.011 ng/dscm 19
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada		80-96%benzene19	PAHs (avg)19: 24.0-28.6 µg/dscm